ECE192 – Pre-test 1 Minimal Notes
Yappings
For I am not so good in English, I have to use both English and Chinese for reviewing.
Economic is one of course I hate most.
Test 1 takes place on 6.5. Good luck to me.
Chapter 1: Engineering Economics Basics 工程经济基础
1.1 Definitions 定义
- Engineering Economics: pick the best cost-effective technical option(工程经济学 = 技术之间比性价比)
- Project: short-term, benefit > cost(项目 = 临时性 + 有收益)
- Project Management: plan + organize + lead to deliver(项目管理 = 计划 + 执行 + 实现交付)
- Engineer focus: 技术 + 材料 + 钱 + 人 + 时间
1.2 Decision Making Principles 决策原则
- Profit = Benefits – Costs(利润 = 收益 - 成本)
- Same input: pick max output(相同投入 → 选产出最多)
- Same output: pick min input(相同产出 → 选投入最少)
- No constraint: pick max profit(无约束 → 选利润最大)
- Also matters: life quality, emission(还需考虑:生活质量、排放)
1.3 Cost Categories 成本类型
- Fixed Cost: constant(固定成本,如房租)
- Variable Cost: ∝ output(变动成本,如原料)
- Total Cost = fixed + variable(总成本 = 固定 + 变动)
- Marginal Cost: extra cost for one unit(边际成本:多生产一单位的成本)
- Average Cost: total ÷ units(平均成本 = 总成本 ÷ 产量)
Special Cost Concepts 特殊成本概念
- Sunk Cost: already spent → ignore(沉没成本,不可回收)
- Opportunity Cost: best forgone benefit(机会成本 = 放弃的最优选择)
- Recurring Cost: regular and expected(经常性成本,如维护租金)
- Non-recurring Cost: one-time, irregular(一次性成本,如升级)
- Incremental Cost: cost difference between choices(增量成本 = 两方案差值)
- Cash Cost: involves real payment(现金成本 = 实付的钱)
- Book Cost: accounting only, no real payment(账面成本 = 只记账,无现金流)
- Life-cycle Cost: development → install → operate → dispose(全生命周期成本)
Chapter 2: Cost Estimation & Time Value of Money 成本估算与金钱时间价值
2.1 Estimation Models 成本估算模型
Per-unit model:
Total cost = unit cost × quantity(单位成本 × 数量)Segmenting model:
Estimate each component separately and sum(分段估价 → 各部分分别算)Cost Index Formula(指数换算法):
- ( C ): current cost(当前成本)
- ( C_0 ): historical cost(历史成本)
- ( Ind, Ind_0 ): current & past index(现/历史指数)
Power-sizing model(规模调整模型):
- ( y = 1 ): linear cost increase(线性)
- ( y < 1 ): economies of scale(规模经济)
- ( y > 1 ): diseconomies(非规模经济)
2.2 Time Value of Money 金钱的时间价值
- 一元钱现在 > 一元钱未来(A dollar today > A dollar tomorrow)
Interest 利息基本概念
Compound Interest 复利
- 利息会加入本金继续累积:
Simple Interest 单利
- 不加入本金:
Nominal Interest Rate 名义年利率
- 按年计算但分期复利:
- ( m ): 每年 compounding 次数
Effective Interest Rate 实际年利率
- 将分期复利等效为年利率:
Continuous Compounding 连续复利(极限形式)
2.3 Cash Flow Diagram 现金流图
- 横轴:时间;纵轴箭头 ↑ 收入 / ↓ 支出
- 同时发生的现金流可以合并
- 默认期末发生(End-of-period convention)
2.4 Equivalence 等值换算
- 不同时间的价值换算关系:
Chapter 3 – Cash Flow Analysis & Compound Interest Factors
3.1 Fundamentals 基础概念
- Cash Flow Diagram: A timeline showing cash inflows (↑) and outflows (↓) at specific periods(现金流图 = 时间轴上标注收入支出)
- Equivalence Principle: Convert cash flows at different times to equivalent value at a common time using interest formulas(等值原则 = 不同时间点换算到同一参考点)
- Compound Interest: Interest is calculated on both the principal and the interest already earned(复利 = 利滚利)
- Simple Interest: Interest is only calculated on the original principal(单利 = 不计入前期利息)
- Nominal Interest Rate: Stated annual rate, not accounting for compounding frequency(名义年利率 = 未考虑复利频率的年利率)
- Effective Interest Rate: Actual annual rate including compounding effects(实际年利率 = 考虑复利效应的年利率)
- Continuous Compounding: Compounding at every possible instant; theoretical limit(连续复利 = 理论上的极限复利)
3.2 Single Cash Flow 单笔现金流因子
- Single Payment Compound Amount Factor (F/P): Future value from present amount(单笔现值变未来值)
- Single Payment Present Worth Factor (P/F): Present value from a future amount(单笔未来值变现值)
3.3 Uniform Series 等额年金因子
- Uniform Series Compound Amount Factor (F/A): Total future value from equal periodic payments(等额年金变未来值)
- Sinking Fund Factor (A/F): Equal payments needed to reach a future sum(目标未来值反推出每年付款)
- Present Worth Factor (P/A): Lump sum equivalent to a series of equal payments(年金变现值)
- Capital Recovery Factor (A/P): Annual payment to recover an initial cost(用等额年金摊还现值)
3.4 Gradient Series 等差梯度现金流
- Arithmetic Gradient Series: Series where payments increase by a constant G each period(等差梯度系列 = 每期递增固定金额)
- Gradient Present Worth Factor (P/G): Present value of gradient cash flows(梯度系列现值)
- Gradient to Uniform Conversion (A/G): Uniform payment equivalent to a gradient series(等差梯度等效为等额付款)
- Combined Series (A′ + G): A base annuity plus a growing gradient series(固定年金 + 梯度系列的复合现金流)
Chapter 4 – Depreciation
4.1 Basic Concepts 折旧基础概念
- Depreciation: The gradual decrease in value of fixed assets over time and usage(折旧 = 固定资产因时间与使用而贬值)
- Economic Depreciation: Actual loss in asset utility due to use, time, or obsolescence(经济折旧 = 实际功能或价值损耗)
- Accounting Depreciation: Systematic allocation of asset cost over its useful life for financial reporting(会计折旧 = 为做账而分期扣减资产成本)
- Cost Basis (P): Original purchase price of the asset(原始成本)
- Useful Life (N): Expected time the asset can be effectively used(预计使用寿命)
- Salvage Value (S): Estimated remaining value at end of useful life(残值 = 最终处理时的回收价值)
- Book Value (BV): Remaining value of the asset on books at a given time(账面价值 = 当前账本中剩余价值)
4.2 Straight-Line Depreciation 直线折旧法
- Straight-Line Method (SL): Depreciates asset evenly over its life; same amount each year(直线法 = 每年折旧相同)
- Annual Depreciation (Dₛₗₙ): Constant across all years(每年固定金额)
- Book Value (BVₛₗₙ): Decreases linearly to salvage value(线性下降至残值)
4.3 Declining Balance Depreciation 余额递减法
- Declining Balance Method (DB): Depreciation is a fixed percentage of book value each year(余额递减法 = 每年按剩余账面价值固定比例折旧)
- Depreciation Rate (d): Constant fraction used each year(折旧率)
- Depreciation (D𝑑𝑏ₙ): Decreases over time(每年越来越少)
- Book Value (BV𝑑𝑏ₙ): Exponentially decreases(指数下降)
- DB method often switches to SL near end of life for tax/precision reasons(余额递减法末期常切换回直线法)
5. Comparison Methods(项目比较方法)
5.1 Basic Concepts(基础概念)
Investment(投资): Spending now to gain future benefit.(现在花钱将来赚钱)
Independent Projects(独立项目): Do not affect each other; can be evaluated separately.(互不影响,可单独评估)
Mutually Exclusive Projects(互斥项目): Only one can be selected among alternatives.(只能选其一)
Related but Not Mutually Exclusive(相关非互斥): Projects have relations but can be done together.(有关联,但可以组合)
MARR – Minimum Attractive Rate of Return(最小可接受回报率): The lowest rate of return acceptable to investors.(项目收益需高于此值才被接受)
5.2 Present Worth (PW)(现值法)
Definition: Present value of future cash flows discounted at interest rate.(把未来的钱折现成今天的价值)
判断标准: 若
,项目可接受;多项目比较时选 最大的 公式:
通俗理解: 今天这笔钱值多少钱?
5.3 Annual Worth (AW)(年值法)
Definition: Uniform annual equivalent value of cash flows.(将现金流换算为“每年等额”的收入)
判断标准: 若
,项目可接受;比较多个方案选 最大者 公式:
通俗理解: 每年平均能赚多少?
5.4 Future Worth (FW)(终值法)
Definition: Accumulated future value of all cash flows at the end of project.(所有现金流累加至末期的价值)
判断标准: 若
,项目可接受;多项目选 最大者 公式(考虑多个年份现金流):
- 通俗理解: 把每一年的收支都“滚”到最后一年,再加起来
5.5 Payback Period (PB)(回收期法)
Definition: Time needed to recover the initial investment.(项目用多久回本)
判断标准: 回收期越短越好;不考虑回收后收益
近似公式(折现法):
通俗理解: 多少钱投进去,几年赚回来?
5.6 Internal Rate of Return (IRR)(内部收益率)
IRR: The interest rate ( i^* ) that makes the net present value (NPV) of all cash flows zero.
(IRR 是使所有现金流的净现值等于零的折现率)计算公式:
含义理解:IRR 反映项目自身的年化回报率。如果 IRR 高于最低可接受回报率(MARR),则项目是可接受的。
5.7 Minimum Acceptable Rate of Return (MARR)(最低可接受回报率)
MARR: The minimum return rate that a project must earn to be considered acceptable by the investor.
(MARR 是投资者可以接受的最低年回报率,是判断项目是否值得投资的基准线)比较准则:
- 若 ( IRR \geq MARR ):✅ 接受项目
- 若 ( IRR < MARR ):❌ 拒绝项目
用途:
- 用作 NPV 折现率
- 用作 IRR/MIRR 的判断基准
5.8 Modified Internal Rate of Return (MIRR)(修正内部收益率)
MIRR: The interest rate that equates the present worth of cash outflows with the future worth of cash inflows, where inflows are compounded at the reinvestment rate (typically MARR).
(MIRR 是使得支出的现值等于收入未来值的折现率,假设收入按 MARR 再投资)公式:
理解:MIRR 用 MARR 替代 IRR 的再投资假设,避免 IRR 多解、误导等问题。
5.9 Multiple IRR Problem(多重 IRR 问题)
Multiple IRR: Projects with non-standard cash flows may yield more than one IRR.
(非标准现金流可能导致多个 IRR 解)理解:一个项目的“回报率”有多个答案,就像你算出既赚 100% 又赚 200%,会让你无所适从。
公式:
Descartes’ Rule of Signs: The number of positive real IRRs ≤ number of sign changes in CF sequence.
(IRR 最多个数 = 现金流符号变化次数,或更少但必须少一个偶数)
5.10 Simple vs. Non-simple Investments(简单 vs 非简单投资)
Simple Investment: Only one sign change in CFs; typically starts with a cost followed by gains.
(简单投资:仅一次符号变化,通常是“先花后赚”)理解:你花一笔钱,之后每年都赚钱,是最典型的简单投资。
Non-simple Investment: Has multiple sign changes; may involve reinvestment, equipment replacement, etc.
(非简单投资:现金流变号多次,代表多个阶段投入与收益)Borrowing-type Project: Starts with inflow, followed by repayments; not technically an investment.
(借贷型项目:先收钱再还钱,虽有 IRR,但不能用作投资分析)
5.11 Predicting Multiple IRRs(预测多重 IRR)
Rule 1 – Descartes’ Rule:
If cash flow hassign changes, then the number of positive IRR roots ≤
(若现金流中符号变换为次,则最多 个正 IRR) Rule 2 – Norstrom’s Criterion:
If cumulative cash flowstarts negative and only changes sign once → one unique IRR
(若累计现金流先负后正且只变号一次,则只有一个 IRR)理解:就像账户欠钱还清后一直赚钱 —— 只有一个转折点,就只有一个 IRR。
5.12 Private vs. Public Projects(私人 vs 公共项目)
Private Projects: All costs and benefits belong to the firm. Evaluated using PW with MARR.
(私人项目:成本和收益均由公司承担和获得,按最低可接受回报率计算现值)Public Projects: Funded by taxes or public sources; few direct profits. Benefits are for society.
(公共项目:由政府出资,几乎无直接利润,收益体现为公共服务)Key Differences:
项目类型 投资规模 生命周期 成本与收益 资金来源 利率 风险 公共项目 较大 30–50 年 社会成本收益 税收、补助 较低(社会贴现率) 低 私人项目 中小型 2–25 年 收入减成本 股票、贷款 市场利率 高
5.13 Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR)(效益成本比)
BCR:
Conventional BCR:
- (B): 社会效益,(D): 负效益(如污染),(C): 成本
Modified BCR:
- (OM): 运营维护成本,(K): 初始投资
判断标准:
- (BCR > 1):✅ 项目可接受
- (BCR < 1):❌ 项目应拒绝
5.14 Incremental BCR(增量效益成本比)
定义:用于两个互斥项目间比较性价比
选择准则:
- 若 (\Delta BCR > 1),选择成本更高的方案 (X)
- 否则保留成本较低的方案 (Y)
多项目处理:两两比较 + 淘汰策略,直到剩下一个最优项目
5.15 Example: Incremental BCR 示例
系统现状成本
45,000 和 $42,000
折现率 10%,周期 5 年对比:
- System 1 对 Do Nothing:节省
10,000 - System 2 对 System 1:增益
5,000
- System 1 对 Do Nothing:节省
最终选择:System 2
5.16 Summary of BCR Method(方法总结)
适用于公共项目,无法用利润评估时转用 BCR
基于 PW / AW / FW 方法与社会贴现率折现
判断:
- (BCR > 1):✅ 项目值得做
- (BCR < 1):❌ 项目不值得做
- (\approx 1):考虑非量化因素
增量 BCR 适用于互斥项目,确保“多花的钱值不值”
Chapter 6 – Risk and Uncertainty Management 风险与不确定性管理
6.1 Risk and Uncertainty 风险与不确定性
Risk: Outcomes have known probabilities
(风险:结果的概率是已知的,比如掷骰子)Uncertainty: Outcomes are unknown or unmeasurable
(不确定性:无法预测或量化的未来情况)Risk Management: Identify → Quantify → Control
(风险管理流程:识别 → 量化 → 控制)
6.2 Expected Value Analysis 期望值分析
- Expected Value (EV): Weighted average of all possible outcomes
(期望值 = 所有结果的概率 × 对应结果值)
👉 通俗理解:就像押注前先算平均收益,适用于多次重复项目的评估。
6.3 Break-even Analysis 盈亏平衡分析
Break-even Point: Where total cost = total revenue
(盈亏平衡点:总收入 = 总支出)用于判断需要多少销量或时间才能回本
- (F): Fixed cost
- (P): Unit price
- (V): Unit variable cost
👉 通俗理解:投进去的钱什么时候能挣回来,从哪一刻开始不赔。
6.4 Sensitivity Analysis 敏感性分析
Sensitivity Analysis: Measures how changes in input affect outcomes
(分析关键变量变化对结果的影响强弱)步骤:选变量 → 设置变化幅度 → 分别计算 NPV/IRR → 分析结果波动
👉 通俗理解:哪根骨头最脆,哪一项一变项目就崩,必须重点关注。
6.5 Scenario Analysis 情景分析
Scenario Analysis: Evaluate different combinations of variable changes
(构造多个“未来情景”组合变量变化)三种典型情景:
- Best Case(最优)
- Base Case(基准)
- Worst Case(最差)
👉 通俗理解:就像写剧本,最惨最爽都先预演一遍。
6.6 Monte Carlo Simulation 蒙特卡洛模拟
Monte Carlo Simulation: Randomly simulates thousands of outcomes based on variable distributions
(用随机抽样重复试验评估 NPV 分布)结果输出:
- 期望值、概率分布图、置信区间
👉 通俗理解:像跑游戏模拟器,试个一万次看你平均赢多少钱。
6.7 Decision Trees 决策树
Decision Trees: Visual map of decision paths and chance outcomes
(图形方式表示决策顺序与结果分支)节点类型:
- Decision Node(方框):你来选
- Chance Node(圆圈):看运气
- 终点节点:NPV/结果
计算方法:自底向上,用期望值(EV)比较选最优路径
👉 通俗理解:带概率的 DFS,哪个分支回报最大,就走那条路。
6.7 Decision Trees(续)– 决策树建模与求解
- Decision Tree: 图形化工具,用于处理含有不确定性的多阶段决策问题
(可视化表示“怎么选 + 发生什么”的全过程)
决策树的结构:
Decision Node(方框):由决策者选择行动
- 每条分支代表一个选择,带有成本或代价
Chance Node(圆圈):表示接下来发生的事件有概率分布
- 每条分支代表一个结果状态(如成功/失败)和对应概率
Outcome Node(终点):结果节点,通常为收益(Payoff)
构造方法:
- 从左到右建立:决策节点 → 机会节点 → 终端结果
- 每个机会节点的所有分支必须是“互斥且完备”的事件
- 一直展开到所有路径结束为止
求解方法(Rollback Procedure):
从右往左计算(回滚):
- 对每个 Chance Node:用 EMV 计算
- 对每个 Decision Node:保留 EMV 最大的分支,其他打叉(//)
- 对每个 Chance Node:用 EMV 计算
最左侧节点的值 = 项目的总期望值
📘 Example: 投资问题分析(简略版)
Option 1:购买股票
- 三种回报概率:50%(0.25),9%(0.4),-30%(0.35)
- 考虑交易费、税后收益、5% 折现率下的 NPV 分别为:
- 高回报:$16,510
- 中回报:$890
- 低回报:- $16,761
- 期望值(EMV):
Option 2:购买国债
- 计算后 NPV = $1,193
- 因为 EMV > Option 1 → 应该选择 Option 2
👉 通俗理解:回滚法就像在解一道“有条件的博弈树”,逐步剪枝直到剩下最优策略。
- Title: ECE192 – Pre-test 1 Minimal Notes
- Author: Sirui Liu
- Created at : 2025-06-02 14:23:07
- Updated at : 2025-06-03 23:12:37
- Link: https://worldvanquisher.github.io/2025/06/02/Notes/
- License: This work is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0.